It's found that the abrasion is reduced by improving the hardness of the rail or wheel materials when studying the materials for high speed railway rail/wheel. However, more serious damage is caused to the wheel or rail if only the hardness of the rail or wheel materials is improved. Therefore, its very important to study the matching between the wheel and the rail.The rolling tests were performed using the MMS-2A computerized-control friction and wear testing machine without any lubricant. The wear behavior of rail and wheel with different materials was investigated by examining wear volume and wear scar using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The results indicate the wear volume of the rail is reduced with the increase of the carbon content of the rail, but the wear volume of the matching wheel is increased. With the increase of hardness ratio of imitated wheel to rail, the total wear volume of the frictional couple shows a rising trend. Therefore, in order to ensure the overall application performance of frictional couple, appropriate rail steel and wheel steel should be selected to realize optimal hardness matching between wheels and rails.